# Generalized End-to-End Loss for Speaker Verification
Source: https://savrn.com/papers/generalized-end-to-end-loss-for-speaker-verification
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## Abstract

In this paper, we propose a new loss function called generalized end-to-end (GE2E) loss, which makes the training of speaker verification models more efficient than our previous tuple-based end-to-end (TE2E) loss function. Unlike TE2E, the GE2E loss function updates the network in a way that emphasizes examples that are difficult to verify at each step of the training process. Additionally, the GE2E loss does not require an initial stage of example selection. With these properties, our model with the new loss function decreases speaker verification EER by more than 10%, while reducing the training time by 60% at the same time. We also introduce the MultiReader technique, which allows us to do domain adaptation - training a more accurate model that supports multiple keywords (i.e. "OK Google" and "Hey Google") as well as multiple dialects.

[Full paper on arXiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.10467)

## Details

arXiv identifier

1710.10467

Published

2017-10-28

Authors

Li Wan, Quan Wang, Alan Papir, Ignacio Lopez Moreno

## Open Models Built on This Paper

Every model in the SAVRN Model Hub whose card cites this paper, most downloaded first, with what it takes to run each one.

| Model | Task | Size | License | Monthly downloads | Cheapest setup at 16-bit |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [univ_conformer_small_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/univ-conformer-small-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 31 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [univ_lstm_small_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/univ-lstm-small-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 29 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [univ_ecapa_tdnn_small_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/univ-ecapa-tdnn-small-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 25 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [ls_lstm_small_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/ls-lstm-small-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 25 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [ls_conformer_small_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/ls-conformer-small-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 23 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [ls_ecapa_tdnn_small_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/ls-ecapa-tdnn-small-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 22 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [univ_conformer_tiny_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/univ-conformer-tiny-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 693,124 | apache-2.0 | 14 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [univ_conformer_small_dr_vectors](https://savrn.com/models/univ-conformer-small-dr-vectors) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 13 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [univ_conformer_small_arcface](https://savrn.com/models/univ-conformer-small-arcface) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 13 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [cn_conformer_small_pfas](https://savrn.com/models/cn-conformer-small-pfas) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 13 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [vox_ecapa_tdnn_small_ext_softmax](https://savrn.com/models/vox-ecapa-tdnn-small-ext-softmax) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 12 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [univ_transformer_small_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/univ-transformer-small-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 1M | apache-2.0 | 12 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [univ_mamba_small_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/univ-mamba-small-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 1M | apache-2.0 | 12 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [univ_ecapa_tdnn_tiny_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/univ-ecapa-tdnn-tiny-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 626,720 | apache-2.0 | 12 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [univ_ecapa_tdnn_base_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/univ-ecapa-tdnn-base-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 3M | apache-2.0 | 12 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [univ_conformer_small_pfas_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/univ-conformer-small-pfas-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 12 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [univ_conformer_small_ext_softmax](https://savrn.com/models/univ-conformer-small-ext-softmax) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 12 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [univ_conformer_small_pfas](https://savrn.com/models/univ-conformer-small-pfas) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 12 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [ls_resnet_small_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/ls-resnet-small-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 12 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [ls_transformer_small_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/ls-transformer-small-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 1M | apache-2.0 | 12 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [ls_conformer_small_pfas_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/ls-conformer-small-pfas-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 12 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [cn_conformer_small_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/cn-conformer-small-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 12 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [ls_conformer_small_arcface](https://savrn.com/models/ls-conformer-small-arcface) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 12 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [univ_resnet_small_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/univ-resnet-small-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 11 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [univ_conformer_small_triplet](https://savrn.com/models/univ-conformer-small-triplet) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 11 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [univ_conformer_small_sphereface](https://savrn.com/models/univ-conformer-small-sphereface) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 11 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [univ_conformer_small_cosface](https://savrn.com/models/univ-conformer-small-cosface) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 11 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [ls_ecapa_tdnn_tiny_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/ls-ecapa-tdnn-tiny-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 626,720 | apache-2.0 | 11 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [ls_mamba_small_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/ls-mamba-small-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 1M | apache-2.0 | 11 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [ls_conformer_small_sphereface](https://savrn.com/models/ls-conformer-small-sphereface) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 11 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [ls_conformer_tiny_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/ls-conformer-tiny-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 693,124 | apache-2.0 | 11 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [cn_conformer_small_dr_vectors](https://savrn.com/models/cn-conformer-small-dr-vectors) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 11 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [cn_ecapa_tdnn_small_arcface](https://savrn.com/models/cn-ecapa-tdnn-small-arcface) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 11 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [ls_conformer_small_cosface](https://savrn.com/models/ls-conformer-small-cosface) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 11 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [ls_conformer_small_dr_vectors](https://savrn.com/models/ls-conformer-small-dr-vectors) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 11 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [univ_conformer_base_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/univ-conformer-base-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 5M | apache-2.0 | 10 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [ls_ecapa_tdnn_base_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/ls-ecapa-tdnn-base-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 3M | apache-2.0 | 10 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [ls_conformer_small_pfas](https://savrn.com/models/ls-conformer-small-pfas) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 10 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [ls_conformer_small_triplet](https://savrn.com/models/ls-conformer-small-triplet) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 10 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |
| [vox_conformer_small_ge2e](https://savrn.com/models/vox-conformer-small-ge2e) Quan | [Audio classification](https://savrn.com/models/tasks/audio-classification) | 2M | apache-2.0 | 9 | 1x [MI300X](https://savrn.com/ai-index/pricing/gpus/mi300x) $1.85/hr |

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