Dataset · Question answering
natural_questions
by Google Research Datasets google-research-datasets/natural_questions
The NQ corpus contains questions from real users, and it requires QA systems to read and comprehend an entire Wikipedia article that may or may not contain the answer to the question.
Rows26,299
Configurations2
Size58.2 GB
Licensecc-by-sa-3.0
AccessPublicly accessible
Monthly Downloads84.7k
Dataset Card
By Google Research Datasets, published under cc-by-sa-3.0, revision e8103d566bef.
Dataset Card for Natural Questions
Table of Contents
- Dataset Description
- Dataset Summary
- Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
- Languages
- Dataset Structure
- Data Instances
- Data Fields
- Data Splits
- Dataset Creation
- Curation Rationale
- Source Data
- Annotations
- Personal and Sensitive Information
- Considerations for Using the Data
- Social Impact of Dataset
- Discussion of Biases
- Other Known Limitations
- Additional Information
- Dataset Curators
- Licensing Information
- Citation Information
- Contributions
Dataset Description
- Homepage: https://ai.google.com/research/NaturalQuestions/dataset
- Repository: https://github.com/google-research-datasets/natural-questions
- Paper: https://research.google/pubs/pub47761/
- Point of Contact: More Information Needed
- Size of downloaded dataset files: 45.07 GB
- Size of the generated dataset: 99.80 GB
- Total amount of disk used: 144.87 GB
Dataset Summary
The NQ corpus contains questions from real users, and it requires QA systems to read and comprehend an entire Wikipedia article that may or may not contain the answer to the question. The inclusion of real user questions, and the requirement that solutions should read an entire page to find the answer, cause NQ to be a more realistic and challenging task than prior QA datasets.
Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
https://ai.google.com/research/NaturalQuestions
Languages
en
Dataset Structure
Data Instances
- Size of downloaded dataset files: 45.07 GB
- Size of the generated dataset: 99.80 GB
- Total amount of disk used: 144.87 GB
An example of 'train' looks as follows. This is a toy example.
{
"id": "797803103760793766",
"document": {
"title": "Google",
"url": "http://www.wikipedia.org/Google",
"html": "<html><body><h1>Google Inc.</h1><p>Google was founded in 1998 By:<ul><li>Larry</li><li>Sergey</li></ul></p></body></html>",
"tokens":[
{"token": "<h1>", "start_byte": 12, "end_byte": 16, "is_html": True},
{"token": "Google", "start_byte": 16, "end_byte": 22, "is_html": False},
{"token": "inc", "start_byte": 23, "end_byte": 26, "is_html": False},
{"token": ".", "start_byte": 26, "end_byte": 27, "is_html": False},
{"token": "</h1>", "start_byte": 27, "end_byte": 32, "is_html": True},
{"token": "<p>", "start_byte": 32, "end_byte": 35, "is_html": True},
{"token": "Google", "start_byte": 35, "end_byte": 41, "is_html": False},
{"token": "was", "start_byte": 42, "end_byte": 45, "is_html": False},
{"token": "founded", "start_byte": 46, "end_byte": 53, "is_html": False},
{"token": "in", "start_byte": 54, "end_byte": 56, "is_html": False},
{"token": "1998", "start_byte": 57, "end_byte": 61, "is_html": False},
{"token": "by", "start_byte": 62, "end_byte": 64, "is_html": False},
{"token": ":", "start_byte": 64, "end_byte": 65, "is_html": False},
{"token": "<ul>", "start_byte": 65, "end_byte": 69, "is_html": True},
{"token": "<li>", "start_byte": 69, "end_byte": 73, "is_html": True},
{"token": "Larry", "start_byte": 73, "end_byte": 78, "is_html": False},
{"token": "</li>", "start_byte": 78, "end_byte": 83, "is_html": True},
{"token": "<li>", "start_byte": 83, "end_byte": 87, "is_html": True},
{"token": "Sergey", "start_byte": 87, "end_byte": 92, "is_html": False},
{"token": "</li>", "start_byte": 92, "end_byte": 97, "is_html": True},
{"token": "</ul>", "start_byte": 97, "end_byte": 102, "is_html": True},
{"token": "</p>", "start_byte": 102, "end_byte": 106, "is_html": True}
],
},
"question" :{
"text": "who founded google",
"tokens": ["who", "founded", "google"]
},
"long_answer_candidates": [
{"start_byte": 32, "end_byte": 106, "start_token": 5, "end_token": 22, "top_level": True},
{"start_byte": 65, "end_byte": 102, "start_token": 13, "end_token": 21, "top_level": False},
{"start_byte": 69, "end_byte": 83, "start_token": 14, "end_token": 17, "top_level": False},
{"start_byte": 83, "end_byte": 92, "start_token": 17, "end_token": 20 , "top_level": False}
],
"annotations": [{
"id": "6782080525527814293",
"long_answer": {"start_byte": 32, "end_byte": 106, "start_token": 5, "end_token": 22, "candidate_index": 0},
"short_answers": [
{"start_byte": 73, "end_byte": 78, "start_token": 15, "end_token": 16, "text": "Larry"},
{"start_byte": 87, "end_byte": 92, "start_token": 18, "end_token": 19, "text": "Sergey"}
],
"yes_no_answer": -1
}]
}
Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
default
id: astringfeature.documenta dictionary feature containing:title: astringfeature.url: astringfeature.html: astringfeature.tokens: a dictionary feature containing:token: astringfeature.is_html: aboolfeature.start_byte: aint64feature.end_byte: aint64feature.
question: a dictionary feature containing:text: astringfeature.tokens: alistofstringfeatures.long_answer_candidates: a dictionary feature containing:start_token: aint64feature.end_token: aint64feature.start_byte: aint64feature.end_byte: aint64feature.top_level: aboolfeature.annotations: a dictionary feature containing:id: astringfeature.long_answers: a dictionary feature containing:start_token: aint64feature.end_token: aint64feature.start_byte: aint64feature.end_byte: aint64feature.candidate_index: aint64feature.
short_answers: a dictionary feature containing:start_token: aint64feature.end_token: aint64feature.start_byte: aint64feature.end_byte: aint64feature.text: astringfeature.
yes_no_answer: a classification label, with possible values includingNO(0),YES(1).
Data Splits
| name | train | validation |
|---|---|---|
| default | 307373 | 7830 |
| dev | N/A | 7830 |
Dataset Creation
Curation Rationale
Source Data
Initial Data Collection and Normalization
Who are the source language producers?
Annotations
Annotation process
Who are the annotators?
Personal and Sensitive Information
Considerations for Using the Data
Social Impact of Dataset
Discussion of Biases
Other Known Limitations
Additional Information
Dataset Curators
Licensing Information
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported.
Citation Information
@article{47761,
title = {Natural Questions: a Benchmark for Question Answering Research},
author = {Tom Kwiatkowski and Jennimaria Palomaki and Olivia Redfield and Michael Collins and Ankur Parikh and Chris Alberti and Danielle Epstein and Illia Polosukhin and Matthew Kelcey and Jacob Devlin and Kenton Lee and Kristina N. Toutanova and Llion Jones and Ming-Wei Chang and Andrew Dai and Jakob Uszkoreit and Quoc Le and Slav Petrov},
year = {2019},
journal = {Transactions of the Association of Computational Linguistics}
}
Contributions
Structure
default 18,469 rows
| Split | Rows | Size |
|---|---|---|
| train | 10,639 | 5.0 GB |
| validation | 7,830 | 3.5 GB |
idstringdocumentvaluequestionvaluelong_answer_candidatesSequenceannotationsSequence
dev 7,830 rows
| Split | Rows | Size |
|---|---|---|
| validation | 7,830 | 3.5 GB |
idstringdocumentvaluequestionvaluelong_answer_candidatesSequenceannotationsSequence
Details
- Repository
- google-research-datasets/natural_questions
- Publisher
- Google Research Datasets
- Task category
- Question answering
- Tags
- Not stated by the source
- Size category
- 100K<n<1M
- Languages
- en
- Revision
- e8103d566bef4154c2c12b17c6095ec5275840cc
- Last updated
- 2024-03-11
Files
303 files, 58.2 GB in total.
Data301 files · 58.2 GB
Documentation1 file · 13.7 KB
Repository1 file · 1.2 KB
Every file
| File | Type | Size | SHA-256 |
|---|---|---|---|
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| default/train-00001-of-00287.parquet | Data | 201.7 MB | 29beca00a05d |
| default/train-00002-of-00287.parquet | Data | 196.8 MB | add1d78a9fdb |
| default/train-00003-of-00287.parquet | Data | 191.0 MB | d0487ae061a3 |
| default/train-00004-of-00287.parquet | Data | 198.5 MB | b60d07ba7bf5 |
| default/train-00005-of-00287.parquet | Data | 190.8 MB | 35d151112ad3 |
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| default/train-00007-of-00287.parquet | Data | 201.3 MB | 59683a1fd17c |
| default/train-00008-of-00287.parquet | Data | 191.5 MB | 618e63c99f87 |
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| default/train-00014-of-00287.parquet | Data | 192.8 MB | d475dc285951 |
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| default/train-00093-of-00287.parquet | Data | 186.6 MB | a1e5313703ce |
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| default/train-00131-of-00287.parquet | Data | 199.7 MB | 9c027ce68a6a |
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| default/train-00136-of-00287.parquet | Data | 191.0 MB | aa07cb81f7b2 |
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| default/train-00143-of-00287.parquet | Data | 195.7 MB | 32b326285e3c |
| default/train-00144-of-00287.parquet | Data | 191.8 MB | 8ec897eb622a |
| default/train-00145-of-00287.parquet | Data | 191.1 MB | 52973684b3cf |
| default/train-00146-of-00287.parquet | Data | 190.7 MB | 3aadf246630d |
| default/train-00147-of-00287.parquet | Data | 192.5 MB | 7f2e8078cc77 |
| default/train-00148-of-00287.parquet | Data | 198.2 MB | d273ef348270 |
| default/train-00149-of-00287.parquet | Data | 194.6 MB | b5838d9d6d61 |
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| default/train-00151-of-00287.parquet | Data | 195.0 MB | 7194b9d99dbe |
| default/train-00152-of-00287.parquet | Data | 194.6 MB | 2b941a6f432b |
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| default/train-00157-of-00287.parquet | Data | 194.7 MB | 3fb9ff5c3142 |
| default/train-00158-of-00287.parquet | Data | 197.6 MB | ef63ea5895d5 |
| default/train-00159-of-00287.parquet | Data | 191.0 MB | e1ac9285a956 |
| default/train-00160-of-00287.parquet | Data | 191.9 MB | d7104bdd0884 |
| default/train-00161-of-00287.parquet | Data | 185.4 MB | 50996081d8a0 |
| default/train-00162-of-00287.parquet | Data | 196.8 MB | f4017fcf90e9 |
| default/train-00163-of-00287.parquet | Data | 190.8 MB | 09e047e83791 |
| default/train-00164-of-00287.parquet | Data | 195.3 MB | e9c3b1ee821b |
| default/train-00165-of-00287.parquet | Data | 189.4 MB | 65355a6aa794 |
| default/train-00166-of-00287.parquet | Data | 191.7 MB | dbff4c4ccd63 |
| default/train-00167-of-00287.parquet | Data | 195.1 MB | 5038db089a78 |
| default/train-00168-of-00287.parquet | Data | 188.5 MB | 0e2134f06f2e |
| default/train-00169-of-00287.parquet | Data | 189.6 MB | 0c0531950083 |
| default/train-00170-of-00287.parquet | Data | 192.5 MB | cd6c11480cda |
| default/train-00171-of-00287.parquet | Data | 193.4 MB | 5d2f8d4e4d1d |
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| default/train-00173-of-00287.parquet | Data | 191.7 MB | 0c7febd8ef9a |
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| default/train-00181-of-00287.parquet | Data | 188.1 MB | 80f193e4d856 |
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| default/train-00187-of-00287.parquet | Data | 192.3 MB | 03e9fe8addb6 |
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| default/train-00189-of-00287.parquet | Data | 198.2 MB | 137d02f39052 |
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| default/train-00197-of-00287.parquet | Data | 187.1 MB | 3c5ed63c3096 |
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| default/train-00206-of-00287.parquet | Data | 191.6 MB | 0215c4d636b6 |
| default/train-00207-of-00287.parquet | Data | 197.8 MB | e85438101fe6 |
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| default/train-00216-of-00287.parquet | Data | 189.5 MB | c7551312c82a |
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| default/train-00220-of-00287.parquet | Data | 189.8 MB | d9b8b94f444c |
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| default/train-00223-of-00287.parquet | Data | 194.3 MB | 46f361464cb9 |
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| default/train-00226-of-00287.parquet | Data | 188.8 MB | df4970d61fa2 |
| default/train-00227-of-00287.parquet | Data | 197.3 MB | 3636c545fbf0 |
| default/train-00228-of-00287.parquet | Data | 195.0 MB | 9ed5e3165731 |
| default/train-00229-of-00287.parquet | Data | 191.8 MB | 6a6be086056b |
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| default/train-00231-of-00287.parquet | Data | 186.1 MB | b748e4f8a6e8 |
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| default/train-00234-of-00287.parquet | Data | 194.3 MB | 0b3f09fc1742 |
| default/train-00235-of-00287.parquet | Data | 187.5 MB | 579a61954d16 |
| default/train-00236-of-00287.parquet | Data | 184.7 MB | b15f614bc205 |
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| default/train-00238-of-00287.parquet | Data | 186.1 MB | 508d73f5841a |
| default/train-00239-of-00287.parquet | Data | 187.0 MB | 1ffe62fcd3c9 |
| default/train-00240-of-00287.parquet | Data | 192.3 MB | 7010ca0e7559 |
| default/train-00241-of-00287.parquet | Data | 193.6 MB | 332b65523f6c |
| default/train-00242-of-00287.parquet | Data | 186.0 MB | a279a3c6a082 |
| default/train-00243-of-00287.parquet | Data | 185.7 MB | 260cf04f222f |
| default/train-00244-of-00287.parquet | Data | 191.9 MB | 96f6d743c8db |
| default/train-00245-of-00287.parquet | Data | 188.0 MB | f66caa0b5fed |
| default/train-00246-of-00287.parquet | Data | 199.2 MB | 9d962e792242 |
| default/train-00247-of-00287.parquet | Data | 188.5 MB | d61851cc7fc4 |
| default/train-00248-of-00287.parquet | Data | 189.7 MB | 4cacbed820d2 |
| default/train-00249-of-00287.parquet | Data | 202.0 MB | 4ca7c97c73f1 |
| default/train-00250-of-00287.parquet | Data | 202.8 MB | f1f4565c1b8e |
| default/train-00251-of-00287.parquet | Data | 188.1 MB | 5a1f0ab27ef4 |
| default/train-00252-of-00287.parquet | Data | 197.5 MB | 33c9989f7fbb |
| default/train-00253-of-00287.parquet | Data | 196.2 MB | 06613d77346b |
| default/train-00254-of-00287.parquet | Data | 197.4 MB | 14a76a789928 |
| default/train-00255-of-00287.parquet | Data | 191.0 MB | b7fdd64effec |
| default/train-00256-of-00287.parquet | Data | 196.7 MB | c8441ca32cf8 |
| default/train-00257-of-00287.parquet | Data | 197.7 MB | b14954d90eeb |
| default/train-00258-of-00287.parquet | Data | 195.2 MB | 7ad5be23c78f |
| default/train-00259-of-00287.parquet | Data | 190.4 MB | 754dcf2f3086 |
| default/train-00260-of-00287.parquet | Data | 200.1 MB | 433ea8cc5eb5 |
| default/train-00261-of-00287.parquet | Data | 186.4 MB | aaccaad7369a |
| default/train-00262-of-00287.parquet | Data | 194.5 MB | bdcc067c31a3 |
| default/train-00263-of-00287.parquet | Data | 189.6 MB | 74a1e440d1c0 |
| default/train-00264-of-00287.parquet | Data | 202.5 MB | 19688e557cc9 |
| default/train-00265-of-00287.parquet | Data | 189.3 MB | 04f48e0b4357 |
| default/train-00266-of-00287.parquet | Data | 198.0 MB | a7075e732be8 |
| default/train-00267-of-00287.parquet | Data | 193.9 MB | 85c1731592a1 |
| default/train-00268-of-00287.parquet | Data | 191.5 MB | 591c766c7b09 |
| default/train-00269-of-00287.parquet | Data | 198.5 MB | dc472ed0acb7 |
| default/train-00270-of-00287.parquet | Data | 199.5 MB | ac8e31c3109a |
| default/train-00271-of-00287.parquet | Data | 194.0 MB | 04c210a26a48 |
| default/train-00272-of-00287.parquet | Data | 187.2 MB | 205ffae19a4b |
| default/train-00273-of-00287.parquet | Data | 195.3 MB | 5a6b1573ec3e |
| default/train-00274-of-00287.parquet | Data | 196.7 MB | 41967b2196bb |
| default/train-00275-of-00287.parquet | Data | 198.6 MB | d45d8bf7f704 |
| default/train-00276-of-00287.parquet | Data | 194.9 MB | ab75c9485e2d |
| default/train-00277-of-00287.parquet | Data | 189.6 MB | ac22f548c00b |
| default/train-00278-of-00287.parquet | Data | 201.0 MB | 2e3b9991d15c |
| default/train-00279-of-00287.parquet | Data | 195.2 MB | bc8c1b970be9 |
| default/train-00280-of-00287.parquet | Data | 191.0 MB | 6446cc910d0f |
| default/train-00281-of-00287.parquet | Data | 182.4 MB | fcad2ea5144f |
| default/train-00282-of-00287.parquet | Data | 189.2 MB | 9634ef2ffd7a |
| default/train-00283-of-00287.parquet | Data | 194.4 MB | b33444bd373b |
| default/train-00284-of-00287.parquet | Data | 194.0 MB | f2a0d7fe8e56 |
| default/train-00285-of-00287.parquet | Data | 194.0 MB | d3566bdb9985 |
| default/train-00286-of-00287.parquet | Data | 192.8 MB | 2ad25055aadc |
| default/validation-00000-of-00007.parquet | Data | 193.2 MB | 6566a5b9ac5d |
| default/validation-00001-of-00007.parquet | Data | 185.4 MB | b919537b9fb8 |
| default/validation-00002-of-00007.parquet | Data | 188.5 MB | 5563dcb73c20 |
| default/validation-00003-of-00007.parquet | Data | 190.2 MB | 6eef9059390b |
| default/validation-00004-of-00007.parquet | Data | 195.7 MB | e103d41d9821 |
| default/validation-00005-of-00007.parquet | Data | 190.3 MB | bcfb9bb030f0 |
| default/validation-00006-of-00007.parquet | Data | 195.2 MB | 4c82530fa32d |
| dev/validation-00000-of-00007.parquet | Data | 185.6 MB | 348fb27f787e |
| dev/validation-00001-of-00007.parquet | Data | 197.1 MB | 5be65bc20b85 |
| dev/validation-00002-of-00007.parquet | Data | 190.9 MB | d639409b817c |
| dev/validation-00003-of-00007.parquet | Data | 191.1 MB | 4d1df3bea63e |
| dev/validation-00004-of-00007.parquet | Data | 192.5 MB | 40781760176f |
| dev/validation-00005-of-00007.parquet | Data | 190.2 MB | 3988c0d16f6b |
| dev/validation-00006-of-00007.parquet | Data | 189.7 MB | b3153de2b44d |
| README.md | Documentation | 13.7 KB | — |
| .gitattributes | Repository | 1.2 KB | — |
License and Download
- License
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- Access
- No access gate
Download from Google Research Datasets
Released by Google Research Datasets through its official repository on Hugging Face.