Table of Contents
- Model Details
- How To Get Started With the Model
- Uses
- Risks, Limitations and Biases
- Training
- Evaluation
- Environmental Impact
- Technical Specifications
- Citation Information
- Model Card Authors
Model Details
Model Description: The DistilBERT model was proposed in the blog post Smaller, faster, cheaper, lighter: Introducing DistilBERT, adistilled version of BERT, and the paper DistilBERT, adistilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter. DistilBERT is a small, fast, cheap and light Transformer model trained by distilling BERT base. It has 40% less parameters than bert-base-uncased, runs 60% faster while preserving over 95% of BERT's performances as measured on the GLUE language understanding benchmark.
This model is a fine-tune checkpoint of DistilBERT-base-uncased, fine-tuned using (a second step of) knowledge distillation on SQuAD v1.1.
- Developed by: Hugging Face
- Model Type: Transformer-based language model
- Language(s): English
- License: Apache 2.0
- Related Models: DistilBERT-base-uncased
- Resources for more information:
- See this repository for more about Distil* (a class of compressed models including this model)
- See Sanh et al. (2019) for more information about knowledge distillation and the training procedure
How to Get Started with the Model
Use the code below to get started with the model.
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> question_answerer = pipeline("question-answering", model='distilbert-base-uncased-distilled-squad')
>>> context = r"""
... Extractive Question Answering is the task of extracting an answer from a text given a question. An example of a
... question answering dataset is the SQuAD dataset, which is entirely based on that task. If you would like to fine-tune
... a model on a SQuAD task, you may leverage the examples/pytorch/question-answering/run_squad.py script.
... """
>>> result = question_answerer(question="What is a good example of a question answering dataset?", context=context)
>>> print(
... f"Answer: '{result['answer']}', score: {round(result['score'], 4)}, start: {result['start']}, end: {result['end']}"
...)
Answer: 'SQuAD dataset', score: 0.4704, start: 147, end: 160
Here is how to use this model in PyTorch:
from transformers import DistilBertTokenizer, DistilBertForQuestionAnswering
import torch
tokenizer = DistilBertTokenizer.from_pretrained('distilbert-base-uncased-distilled-squad')
model = DistilBertForQuestionAnswering.from_pretrained('distilbert-base-uncased-distilled-squad')
question, text = "Who was Jim Henson?", "Jim Henson was a nice puppet"
inputs = tokenizer(question, text, return_tensors="pt")
with torch.no_grad():
outputs = model(**inputs)
answer_start_index = torch.argmax(outputs.start_logits)
answer_end_index = torch.argmax(outputs.end_logits)
predict_answer_tokens = inputs.input_ids[0, answer_start_index : answer_end_index + 1]
tokenizer.decode(predict_answer_tokens)
And in TensorFlow:
from transformers import DistilBertTokenizer, TFDistilBertForQuestionAnswering
import tensorflow as tf
tokenizer = DistilBertTokenizer.from_pretrained("distilbert-base-uncased-distilled-squad")
model = TFDistilBertForQuestionAnswering.from_pretrained("distilbert-base-uncased-distilled-squad")
question, text = "Who was Jim Henson?", "Jim Henson was a nice puppet"
inputs = tokenizer(question, text, return_tensors="tf")
outputs = model(**inputs)
answer_start_index = int(tf.math.argmax(outputs.start_logits, axis=-1)[0])
answer_end_index = int(tf.math.argmax(outputs.end_logits, axis=-1)[0])
predict_answer_tokens = inputs.input_ids[0, answer_start_index : answer_end_index + 1]
tokenizer.decode(predict_answer_tokens)
Uses
This model can be used for question answering.
Misuse and Out-of-scope Use
The model should not be used to intentionally create hostile or alienating environments for people. In addition, the model was not trained to be factual or true representations of people or events, and therefore using the model to generate such content is out-of-scope for the abilities of this model.
Risks, Limitations and Biases
CONTENT WARNING: Readers should be aware that language generated by this model can be disturbing or offensive to some and can propagate historical and current stereotypes.
Significant research has explored bias and fairness issues with language models (see, e.g., Sheng et al. (2021) and Bender et al. (2021)). Predictions generated by the model can include disturbing and harmful stereotypes across protected classes; identity characteristics; and sensitive, social, and occupational groups. For example:
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> question_answerer = pipeline("question-answering", model='distilbert-base-uncased-distilled-squad')
>>> context = r"""
... Alice is sitting on the bench. Bob is sitting next to her.
... """
>>> result = question_answerer(question="Who is the CEO?", context=context)
>>> print(
... f"Answer: '{result['answer']}', score: {round(result['score'], 4)}, start: {result['start']}, end: {result['end']}"
...)
Answer: 'Bob', score: 0.4183, start: 32, end: 35
Users (both direct and downstream) should be made aware of the risks, biases and limitations of the model.
Training
Training Data
The distilbert-base-uncased model model describes it's training data as:
DistilBERT pretrained on the same data as BERT, which is BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038 unpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and headers).
To learn more about the SQuAD v1.1 dataset, see the SQuAD v1.1 data card.
Training Procedure
Preprocessing
See the distilbert-base-uncased model card for further details.
Pretraining
See the distilbert-base-uncased model card for further details.
Evaluation
As discussed in the model repository
This model reaches a F1 score of 86.9 on the [SQuAD v1.1] dev set (for comparison, Bert bert-base-uncased version reaches a F1 score of 88.5).
Environmental Impact
Carbon emissions can be estimated using the Machine Learning Impact calculator presented in Lacoste et al. (2019). We present the hardware type and hours used based on the associated paper. Note that these details are just for training DistilBERT, not including the fine-tuning with SQuAD.
- Hardware Type: 8 16GB V100 GPUs
- Hours used: 90 hours
- Cloud Provider: Unknown
- Compute Region: Unknown
- Carbon Emitted: Unknown
Technical Specifications
See the associated paper for details on the modeling architecture, objective, compute infrastructure, and training details.
Citation Information
@inproceedings{sanh2019distilbert,
title={DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter},
author={Sanh, Victor and Debut, Lysandre and Chaumond, Julien and Wolf, Thomas},
booktitle={NeurIPS EMC^2 Workshop},
year={2019}
}
APA:
- Sanh, V., Debut, L., Chaumond, J., & Wolf, T. (2019). DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.01108.
Model Card Authors
This model card was written by the Hugging Face team.
