KaLM-Embedding: Superior Training Data Brings A Stronger Embedding Model

Abstract

As retrieval-augmented generation prevails in large language models, embedding models are becoming increasingly crucial. Despite the growing number of general embedding models, prior work often overlooks the critical role of training data quality. In this work, we introduce KaLM-Embedding, a general multilingual embedding model that leverages a large quantity of cleaner, more diverse, and domain-specific training data. Our model has been trained with key techniques proven to enhance performance: (1) persona-based synthetic data to create diversified examples distilled from LLMs, (2) ranking consistency filtering to remove less informative samples, and (3) semi-homogeneous task batch sampling to improve training efficacy. Departing from traditional BERT-like architectures, we adopt Qwen2-0.5B as the pre-trained model, facilitating the adaptation of auto-regressive language models for general embedding tasks. Extensive evaluations of the MTEB benchmark across multiple languages show that our model outperforms others of comparable size, setting a new standard for multilingual embedding models with <1B parameters.

Full paper on arXiv · Code

Details

arXiv identifier

2501.01028

Published

2025-01-02

Authors

Xinshuo Hu, Zifei Shan, Xinping Zhao, Zetian Sun, Zhenyu Liu, Dongfang Li, Shaolin Ye, Xinyuan Wei, Qian Chen, Baotian Hu, Min Zhang

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