Liang Wang, Nan Yang, Xiaolong Huang, Binxing Jiao, Linjun Yang, Daxin Jiang, Rangan Majumder, Furu Wei, arXiv 2022 This model has 24 layers and the embedding size is 1024. Below is an example to encode queries and passages from the MS-MARCO passage ranking dataset. Please refer to our paper at https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.03533.pdf. Check out unilm/e5 to reproduce evaluation results on the BEIR and MTEB benchmark. Below is an example for usage with sentencetransformers. Package requirements pip install sentencetransformers~=2.2.2 1. Do I need to add the prefix "query: " and "passage: " to input texts? Yes, this is how the model is trained, otherwise you will see a performance degradation.…
General Text Embeddings (GTE) model. Towards General Text Embeddings with Multi-stage Contrastive Learning The GTE models are trained by Alibaba DAMO Academy.
Runs On
What it takes to serve gte-large (335M parameters): the memory its weights need at each precision, and the cheapest way to rent enough data-center GPUs to hold them.
| Precision | Weights | Memory needed | Cheapest setup | Per hour | Also fits |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16-bit | 0.7 GB | 0.8 GB | 1x MI300X (192 GB) Vultr |
$1.85 | 1x H100 $1.99 · 1x MI325X $2.00 |
| 8-bit | 0.3 GB | 0.4 GB | 1x MI300X (192 GB) Vultr |
$1.85 | 1x H100 $1.99 · 1x MI325X $2.00 |
| 4-bit | 0.2 GB | 0.2 GB | 1x MI300X (192 GB) Vultr |
$1.85 | 1x H100 $1.99 · 1x MI325X $2.00 |
Memory is the weights at that precision plus 20% for the runtime and a short context; a long context needs more. Prices are the lowest on-demand hourly rates in the SAVRN Index, read Sep 18, 2026.
SAVRN's Notes on gte-large
We would run this on whatever card is already serving your search stack. At 16-bit the 335 million parameters need 0.8 GB, 0.7 GB of it weights, and a lone MI300X at $1.85 per hour on-demand, the cheapest option we list, brings 192 GB to that 0.8. Information retrieval, semantic textual similarity and text reranking are the jobs, and this is the largest of the three sizes the publisher offers, above base and small.
MIT is as short as licenses get: keep the copyright and permission notices with the files and you may modify, redistribute and sell on top of it. Check the 512-token context against your document lengths first. Then look at the reported evaluations, all publisher-reported MTEB classification scores, an accuracy of 92.5 on Amazon polarity classification and 49.1 on Amazon reviews classification; nothing here was run independently, so test on your own corpus.
Model Card
By Dingkun Long, published under mit, revision 4bef63f39fcc.
General Text Embeddings (GTE) model. Towards General Text Embeddings with Multi-stage Contrastive Learning
The GTE models are trained by Alibaba DAMO Academy. They are mainly based on the BERT framework and currently offer three different sizes of models, including GTE-large, GTE-base, and GTE-small. The GTE models are trained on a large-scale corpus of relevance text pairs, covering a wide range of domains and scenarios. This enables the GTE models to be applied to various downstream tasks of text embeddings, including information retrieval, semantic textual similarity, text reranking, etc.
Metrics
We compared the performance of the GTE models with other popular text embedding models on the MTEB benchmark. For more detailed comparison results, please refer to the MTEB leaderboard.
Configuration
- Architecture
- BertModel
- Context length (tokens)
- 512
- Layers
- 24
- Hidden size
- 1,024
- Feed-forward size
- 4,096
- Attention heads
- 16
- Vocabulary size
- 30,522
- Stored precision
- float16
- Model type
- bert
Identity and Version
- Repository
- thenlper/gte-large
- Publisher
- Dingkun Long
- Task
- Sentence similarity
- Modality
- Text
- Library
- sentence-transformers
- Parameters
- 335M parameters
- Languages
- en
- Revision
- 4bef63f39fcc5e2d6b0aae83089f307af4970164
- First published
- 2023-07-27
- Last updated
- 2024-11-15
Files and Weights
24 files, 5.4 GB in total. The weights are 7 files totalling 5.4 GB in bin, onnx, safetensors.
Every file
| File | Type | Size | SHA-256 |
|---|---|---|---|
| model.safetensors | Weights | 670.3 MB | 4b13b8593311 |
| onnx/model.onnx | Weights | 1.3 GB | 8b74fc4b120c |
| onnx/model_O4.onnx | Weights | 668.3 MB | f32729e090d8 |
| onnx/model_qint8_avx512_vnni.onnx | Weights | 337.1 MB | 966df4838114 |
| openvino/openvino_model.bin | Weights | 1.3 GB | 3f1b8e427283 |
| openvino/openvino_model_qint8_quantized.bin | Weights | 336.8 MB | 9b42b6802ab4 |
| pytorch_model.bin | Weights | 670.3 MB | 65a6da76608a |
| 1_Pooling/config.json | Configuration | 191 B | — |
| config.json | Configuration | 619 B | — |
| modules.json | Configuration | 385 B | — |
| onnx/config.json | Configuration | 632 B | — |
| onnx/special_tokens_map.json | Configuration | 125 B | — |
| sentence_bert_config.json | Configuration | 57 B | — |
| special_tokens_map.json | Configuration | 125 B | — |
| README.md | Documentation | 67.9 KB | — |
| openvino/openvino_model.xml | Other | 708.1 KB | — |
| openvino/openvino_model_qint8_quantized.xml | Other | 1.3 MB | — |
| .gitattributes | Repository | 1.5 KB | — |
| onnx/tokenizer.json | Tokenizer | 711.7 KB | — |
| onnx/tokenizer_config.json | Tokenizer | 342 B | — |
| onnx/vocab.txt | Tokenizer | 231.5 KB | — |
| tokenizer.json | Tokenizer | 711.7 KB | — |
| tokenizer_config.json | Tokenizer | 342 B | — |
| vocab.txt | Tokenizer | 231.5 KB | — |
License and Download
- License
- mit
- Access
- Open weights, no gate
- Download size
- 5.4 GB
Released by Dingkun Long through its official repository on Hugging Face. Read the license.
Built From
- Described by arXiv:2308.03281
Evaluations
Each result is shown as reported, with the conditions its reporter stated. None is a SAVRN measurement. A comparison lines two results up only when their configuration, unit and setup are all stated and identical.
| Benchmark | Conditions | Result | Reported by | Revision | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MTEB AmazonCounterfactualClassification (en) | Configuration enTask ClassificationMetric accuracyComparison conditions not established | 72.6269 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB AmazonCounterfactualClassification (en) | Configuration enTask ClassificationMetric apComparison conditions not established | 34.4694 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB AmazonCounterfactualClassification (en) | Configuration enTask ClassificationMetric f1Comparison conditions not established | 66.2368 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB AmazonPolarityClassification | Configuration defaultTask ClassificationMetric accuracyComparison conditions not established | 92.5181 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB AmazonPolarityClassification | Configuration defaultTask ClassificationMetric apComparison conditions not established | 89.4984 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB AmazonPolarityClassification | Configuration defaultTask ClassificationMetric f1Comparison conditions not established | 92.5111 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB AmazonReviewsClassification (en) | Configuration enTask ClassificationMetric accuracyComparison conditions not established | 49.074 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB AmazonReviewsClassification (en) | Configuration enTask ClassificationMetric f1Comparison conditions not established | 48.4479 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric map_at_1Comparison conditions not established | 32.077 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric map_at_10Comparison conditions not established | 48.153 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric map_at_100Comparison conditions not established | 48.963 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric map_at_1000Comparison conditions not established | 48.966 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric map_at_3Comparison conditions not established | 43.184 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric map_at_5Comparison conditions not established | 46.072 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric mrr_at_1Comparison conditions not established | 33.073 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric mrr_at_10Comparison conditions not established | 48.54 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric mrr_at_100Comparison conditions not established | 49.335 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric mrr_at_1000Comparison conditions not established | 49.338 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric mrr_at_3Comparison conditions not established | 43.563 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric mrr_at_5Comparison conditions not established | 46.383 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric ndcg_at_1Comparison conditions not established | 32.077 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric ndcg_at_10Comparison conditions not established | 57.158 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric ndcg_at_100Comparison conditions not established | 60.325 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric ndcg_at_1000Comparison conditions not established | 60.402 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric ndcg_at_3Comparison conditions not established | 46.934 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric ndcg_at_5Comparison conditions not established | 52.158 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric precision_at_1Comparison conditions not established | 32.077 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric precision_at_10Comparison conditions not established | 8.592 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric precision_at_100Comparison conditions not established | 0.991 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric precision_at_1000Comparison conditions not established | 0.1 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric precision_at_3Comparison conditions not established | 19.275 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric precision_at_5Comparison conditions not established | 14.111 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric recall_at_1Comparison conditions not established | 32.077 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric recall_at_10Comparison conditions not established | 85.917 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric recall_at_100Comparison conditions not established | 99.075 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric recall_at_1000Comparison conditions not established | 99.644 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric recall_at_3Comparison conditions not established | 57.824 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArguAna | Configuration defaultTask RetrievalMetric recall_at_5Comparison conditions not established | 70.555 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArxivClusteringP2P | Configuration defaultTask ClusteringMetric v_measureComparison conditions not established | 48.6192 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
| MTEB ArxivClusteringS2S | Configuration defaultTask ClusteringMetric v_measureComparison conditions not established | 43.3574 | thenlper Publisher reported |
Evaluated revision not stated | — |
Memory Requirements
| Precision | Weights in memory |
|---|---|
| As published | 5.4 GB |
| 16-bit | 0.7 GB |
| 8-bit | 0.3 GB |
| 4-bit | 0.2 GB |
Weights only, from the published parameter count; the key-value cache and runtime add to this.
Questions About gte-large
How much GPU memory does gte-large need?
About 0.8 GB at 16-bit and 0.2 GB at 4-bit: the weights (335M parameters) plus a working margin. A long context needs more.
What is the cheapest GPU to run gte-large on?
At 16-bit, 1x MI300X from $1.85 an hour; at 4-bit, 1x MI300X from $1.85 an hour, at the lowest on-demand prices the SAVRN Index lists.
Can I use gte-large commercially?
Yes. gte-large is released under MIT License. The MIT License is a short permissive license. It permits commercial use, modification and redistribution, provided the copyright notice and permission notice are included.
What is gte-large's context length?
512 tokens, from the maximum position embeddings in its published configuration.
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