A 114,114,048-parameter language model trained from scratch on a single 8 GB laptop This is a base model. It continues text; it does not follow instructions or answer questions. At this size it writes fluent, on-topic prose that is often factually wrong. It is published as a baseline and as a record of what one laptop can train in a weekend, not as something to rely on. Validation loss on held-out FineWeb-Edu text, and on held-out code files deduplicated by exact hash against the training code. \ The code loss is flattered by the tokenizer. GPT-2's BPE splits indentation whitespace, against 2.0% for text. Those are easy to predict and pull the average down. The same effect makes greedy code…
luna-2.1-base is an open-weight model for text generation from AobanZ, released under MIT License. It has 115M parameters. At 16-bit it needs about 0.3 GB of GPU memory, which fits on 1x MI300X from $1.85 an hour, at the lowest prices in the SAVRN Index. It draws 229 downloads a month.
Luna 2 is a next generation text model designed for keeping context over long amounts of text. Luna 2 is generally intended for chatbot purposes. Luna utilizes FlashAttention and AdamW for performance and capability.
Runs On
What it takes to serve luna-2.1-base (115M parameters): the memory its weights need at each precision, and the cheapest way to rent enough data-center GPUs to hold them.
| Precision | Weights | Memory needed | Cheapest setup | Per hour | Also fits |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16-bit | 0.2 GB | 0.3 GB | 1x MI300X (192 GB) Vultr |
$1.85 | 1x H100 $1.99 · 1x MI325X $2.00 |
| 8-bit | 0.1 GB | 0.1 GB | 1x MI300X (192 GB) Vultr |
$1.85 | 1x H100 $1.99 · 1x MI325X $2.00 |
| 4-bit | 0.1 GB | 0.1 GB | 1x MI300X (192 GB) Vultr |
$1.85 | 1x H100 $1.99 · 1x MI325X $2.00 |
Memory is the weights at that precision plus 20% for the runtime and a short context; a long context needs more. Prices are the lowest on-demand hourly rates in the SAVRN Index, read Oct 24, 2026.
luna-2.1-base on every accelerator the SAVRN Index prices, at every precision
Model Card
By AobanZ, published under mit, revision 4e2f9321b1a7.
Luna 2 is a next generation text model designed for keeping context over long amounts of text. Luna 2 is generally intended for chatbot purposes. Luna utilizes FlashAttention and AdamW for performance and capability. Lightning is designed to provide quick, coherent outputs, improved with a larger size and weight. Luna is intended to be used for research, analysis and fine-tuning, general conversation, stories and other. It is not intended to be used for professional advice, real writing or any kind of heavy work as generated outputs may be incorrect. Luna can be used directly for text generation, experimentation, and conversational interactions. Users can provide text prompts and generate…
Read AobanZ's full model card
Model Card for Luna 2
Model Details
Luna 2 is a next generation text model designed for keeping context over long amounts of text. Luna 2 is generally intended for chatbot purposes.
- Model creator: AobanZ
Model Description
Luna utilizes FlashAttention and AdamW for performance and capability. Lightning is designed to provide quick, coherent outputs, improved with a larger size and weight. - Developed by: AobanZ - Model type: Transformer - Language(s) (NLP): English - License: MIT
Model Sources
- Repository: https://huggingface.co/Aobangaming/luna-2-70m
Uses
Luna is intended to be used for research, analysis and fine-tuning, general conversation, stories and other. It is not intended to be used for professional advice, real writing or any kind of heavy work as generated outputs may be incorrect.
Direct Use
Luna can be used directly for text generation, experimentation, and conversational interactions. Users can provide text prompts and generate responses using the model's built-in language modeling capabilities. Direct use is primarily intended for casual conversation, research and experimentation. Outputs may be incomplete, inaccurate, repetitive, or unrelated to the input, and should be evaluated before being used for other purposes.
Downstream Use
Luna may be fined-tuned for a AI Character, AI Agents, and chat models. However, please note that generated outputs may be corrupted and/or incorrect.
Out-of-Scope Use
Heavy Work may overload the model, which will cause corrupted outputs and/or misinformation. Please provide coherent, steady prompts as the model may not understand unfamiliar terms.
Bias, Risks, and Limitations
Luna is designed to process english and conversational text ONLY and cannot be fined-tuned for any other uses(eg. Robotics) This model of Luna is biased to giving unfinished answers, and weak grammatical stability.
Recommendations
We recommend users of Luna to finetune the model on new text, and add necessary guardrails and precautions to prevent misuse.
How to Get Started with the Model
Use the code below to get started with the model.
import torch
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM
from tokenizers import Tokenizer
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
import importlib.util
model_id = "Aobangaming/luna-2.1-base"
path = hf_hub_download(model_id, "modeling_luna.py")
spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("lightning", path)
module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
spec.loader.exec_module(module)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
model_id, trust_remote_code=True, ignore_mismatched_sizes=False
)
tokenizer = Tokenizer.from_file(
hf_hub_download(model_id, "luna_tokenizer.json")
)
device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
model = model.to(device)
# Generation(OPTIONAL)
response = module.generate_text(
model,
tokenizer,
prompt,
max_len=100,
device=device,
top_k=40,
top_p=0.6,
penalty=1.2,
temperature=0.8,
chat_history=history
)
Training Details
Training Data
Luna was trained a subset of the OASST dataset.
Training Procedure
Luna was trained on an RTX 3050 GPU, using FlashAttention/SDPA and MHA. The model was trained on a large dataset. It was not trained on fine-tuning datasets since memory issues.
Training Results
| Epoch | Average loss | Perplexity |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.1622 | 474.49 |
| 2 | 4.8929 | 133.33 |
| 3 | 4.1971 | 66.49 |
| 4 | 3.6032 | 36.72 |
| 5 | 3.1225 | 22.70 |
Training Hyperparameters
| Hyperparameter | Value | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| Precision | FP32 | |
| Optimizer | AdamW | |
| Learning rate | 2e-4 | |
| Batch size | 24 |
Environmental Impact
Carbon emissions can be estimated using the Machine Learning Impact calculator presented in Lacoste et al. (2019).
- Hardware Type: RTX 3050 6GB
- Hours used: 1.5
- Cloud Provider: AobanLabs
- Compute Region: Asia
- Carbon Emitted: ~0.17 kg CO₂e
Technical Specifications
Model Architecture and Objective
Luna uses a 12-layer causal Transformer with 512-dimensional hidden states and 8 attention heads, allowing greater computional capability. The architecture is based on the base architecture of "Aoban Lightning", which uses pre-layer normalization, causal scaled dot-product attention, a 4× expansion GELU feed-forward network, sinusoidal positional encoding, and untied input/output embeddings.
| Hyperparameter | Value | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| Layers | 12 | |
| D_MODEL | 512 | |
| Attention Heads | 8 | |
| Vocabulary | ~75003 | w/ 250 Sequence length |
Configuration
- Architecture
- LightningForCausalLM
- Layers
- 12
- Hidden size
- 512
- Attention heads
- 8
- Vocabulary size
- 75,003
- Model type
- lightning
Identity and Version
- Repository
- Aobangaming/luna-2.1-base
- Publisher
- AobanZ
- Task
- Text generation
- Modality
- Text
- Library
- transformers
- Parameters
- 115M parameters
- Languages
- en
- Revision
- 4e2f9321b1a71c5b70341be03b1fa495f14f89cc
- First published
- 2026-10-20
- Last updated
- 2026-10-23
Files and Weights
7 files, 464.5 MB in total. The weights are 1 file totalling 459.1 MB in safetensors.
Every file
| File | Type | Size | SHA-256 |
|---|---|---|---|
| model.safetensors | Weights | 459.1 MB | 4f794993d358 |
| config.json | Configuration | 531 B | — |
| configuration_luna.py | Configuration | 753 B | — |
| modeling_luna.py | Configuration | 16.0 KB | — |
| README.md | Documentation | 5.6 KB | — |
| .gitattributes | Repository | 1.5 KB | — |
| luna_tokenizer.json | Tokenizer | 5.4 MB | — |
License and Download
- License
- mit
- Access
- Open weights, no gate
- Download size
- 459.1 MB
Released by AobanZ through its official repository on Hugging Face. Read the license.
Built From
- Derived from Aobangaming/lightning-30m-ft
- Described by arXiv:1910.09700
- Trained on (disclosed) HuggingFaceFW/fineweb
- Trained on (disclosed) OpenAssistant/oasst1
Memory Requirements
| Precision | Weights in memory |
|---|---|
| As published | 459.1 MB |
| 16-bit | 0.2 GB |
| 8-bit | 0.1 GB |
| 4-bit | 0.1 GB |
Weights only, from the published parameter count; the key-value cache and runtime add to this.
Questions About luna-2.1-base
How much GPU memory does luna-2.1-base need?
About 0.3 GB at 16-bit and 0.1 GB at 4-bit: the weights (115M parameters) plus a working margin. A long context needs more.
What is the cheapest GPU to run luna-2.1-base on?
At 16-bit, 1x MI300X from $1.85 an hour; at 4-bit, 1x MI300X from $1.85 an hour, at the lowest on-demand prices the SAVRN Index lists.
Can I use luna-2.1-base commercially?
Yes. luna-2.1-base is released under MIT License. The MIT License is a short permissive license. It permits commercial use, modification and redistribution, provided the copyright notice and permission notice are included.
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