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qiskit-calibration-drift · Dataset Card

qiskit-calibration-drift: Dataset Card

Written by Charles Norton, published under cc-by-4.0, revision ae37e2cf50a9, read 2026-10-23. Shown as written; SAVRN's own facts about this dataset are on its page.

Calibration parameters from IBM Quantum Heron processors joined to ambient and space-weather conditions at the time of each measurement. Designed for time-series forecasting of qubit drift and for studying environmental coupling to superconducting calibrations.

A GitHub Action (source) polls backend.properties() on every available Heron device every 30 minutes and appends new calibration events keyed on (backend, property, qubit_a, qubit_b, calibrated_time).

Backends

Backend Processor Qubits Active
ibm_fez Heron r2 156 yes
ibm_kingston Heron r2 156 yes
ibm_marrakesh Heron r2 156 yes
ibm_torino Heron r1 133 retired 2026-04-27

All backends are at IBM's Yorktown Heights, NY facility (lat=41.27, lon=-73.78).

Schema

Column Type Description
backend str backend name
property_family str normalized property group (e.g. sx_error, cz_error, T1, readout_error)
property str IBM API canonical name (e.g. sx_gate_error, cz_gate_length)
qubit_a int64 qubit index, or first qubit of a coupled pair
qubit_b float64 second qubit of a coupled pair (integer-valued); NA for single-qubit and qubit-level properties
value float64 the calibration value
unit str unit string from the IBM API (us, ns, empty for dimensionless)
scope str one of qubit, gate1q, gate2q
is_failure_ceiling bool true when value ≥ 0.999 for an error or probability property — the calibration saturated at the ceiling and the underlying measurement is unreliable
is_new_measurement bool true when value differs from the prior row's value for the same (backend, property, qubit_a, qubit_b); filter on this to drop heartbeat replicas
observed_time timestamp UTC snapshot pull time
calibrated_time timestamp UTC IBM's published freshness timestamp for this property
snapshot_update_time timestamp UTC the last_update_date of the BackendProperties at the pull moment
calibration_age_seconds float64 observed_time − calibrated_time
chipwide_recal_event_id str identifier shared across rows that participate in a chip-wide recalibration event (≥20% of qubits updated simultaneously); NA otherwise
latitude, longitude float64 IBM facility coordinate
solar_zenith_deg float64 solar zenith angle at the site (>90 means night)
temperature_c, pressure_hpa, humidity_pct float64 ambient weather
bz_gsm_nt float64 interplanetary magnetic field Bz in GSM coordinates, nT
neutron_flux float64 cosmic-ray neutron monitor count rate
kp_index float64 planetary K index (3-hour), 0..9 in 1/3 steps
ap_index float64 planetary equivalent-amplitude (3-hour)
Ap_daily float64 daily mean ap
SN float64 International Sunspot Number v2.0 (daily)
f107_observed_sfu float64 observed F10.7 cm solar radio flux, s.f.u.
f107_adjusted_sfu float64 distance-adjusted F10.7
solar_flux_sfu float64 NOAA SWPC 10cm flux summary
dst_nt float64 hourly Dst index, nT

Property families

Coherence. T1, T2 per qubit, in microseconds.

Single-qubit gate errors. sx_error, x_error, id_error, rx_error, rz_error. Reported separately by the IBM API; on a given measurement the four basis gates of the same qubit are typically bit-identical because IBM derives them from one calibration.

Slow single-qubit gate. xslow_error and its _length, on ibm_fez and ibm_kingston.

Two-qubit gates. cz_error (controlled-Z) and rzz_error (parametric ZZ rotation), stored once per ordered directional pair (qubit_a, qubit_b). For an undirected pair {a, b} both (a, b) and (b, a) rows appear and carry different values.

Readout. readout_error, prob_meas0_prep1, prob_meas1_prep0, readout_length, measure_gate_error, measure_gate_length. Readout-error values are quantized to multiples of 1/8192. measure_2_error is an alternative readout scheme present on ibm_kingston only.

Durations. sx_length, x_length, id_length, rx_length, rz_length, cz_length, rzz_length, readout_length, reset_length, measure_length. Mostly constant during the observation window.

Working with the data

from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("phanerozoic/qiskit-calibration-drift", split="train")

For drift analysis, filter to is_new_measurement == True to drop heartbeat replicas. For honest aggregations, also exclude rows where is_failure_ceiling == True. Property families are calibrated on independent schedules — cz_error and the single-qubit basis gates cycle together on a chip-wide cadence (look for chipwide_recal_event_id), readout_error refreshes more often, T1 / T2 less often, so the calibrated_time for two different families on the same qubit will generally not coincide.

Sources

  • Calibration data: IBM Quantum backend.properties() via Qiskit Runtime.
  • Kp (definitive), ap, Ap, F10.7, SN: GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences (Matzka et al. 2021, Space Weather, doi:10.1029/2020SW002641); SN from WDC-SILSO, Royal Observatory of Belgium.
  • Kp (realtime fallback), Bz, Dst, 10cm flux summary: NOAA SWPC.
  • Solar wind Bz: NOAA SWPC real-time solar wind (RTSW) 1-minute magnetometer data from the operational L1 spacecraft.
  • Cosmic-ray neutron monitor: NMDB Newark station.
  • Ambient weather: api.weather.gov (KHPN, Westchester County).

Each covariate is the sample nearest to calibrated_time, within 48 hours, among the samples the source published by observed_time. For rows observed from 2026-05-20 to 2026-10-23, dst_nt comes from the OMNI2 hourly dataset (WDC Kyoto provisional and quick-look Dst; NASA SPDF OMNIWeb, King & Papitashvili 2005, doi:10.1029/2004JA010649) and the SWPC Dst feed; solar_flux_sfu is the DRAO Penticton 20:00 UT observed flux (Natural Resources Canada) rounded to an integer, taken up from 21:00 UT as in the SWPC summary; and cells of the GFZ columns that were empty hold GFZ values as published on 2026-10-23. bz_gsm_nt is empty for rows observed from 2026-07-02 to 2026-10-23.

License

CC-BY-4.0, except for the Sunspot Number column (SN) which is CC-BY-NC-4.0 per WDC-SILSO licensing.